Lemmiwinks

What is Lemmiwinks?
Named after an infamous Southpark character, lemmiwinks gives the average person access to a few parameters used by the Bosch ME7.1 to make engine management control decisions. While it does not allow the user to directly modify the internal boost/fueling/timing maps, let alone the control code responsible for interpreting those maps, it does allow quite a bit of customization.

Of most interest, it allows quite a bit of control over fueling, which, in the case of the B5 S4, is probably the single most important parameter when using a larger turbo than stock.

Of secondary interest is its ability to change the overall timing maps. However, ME7.1's built-in knock sensor control loop somewhat limits the usefulness of this feature.

In addition, Lemmiwinks allows changes to the speed limiter, parameters governing engine idle characteristics, and "specified load" scaling. This last function is unfortunately also of limited use. Even though target load is directly related to specified boost, the default value is 100%, so target load (and therefore boost) can only be scaled downwards, not upwards. However, reducing overall boost can help prevent boost deviation which can cause throttle cut.

Bosch ME7.1, load, and you
So, how does the ECU decide on injector on time, boost, and timing? One word: load. The ME7.1 is a "requested torque" based control system, which basically means that all decisions it makes is based on what it thinks the driver is asking for in terms of torque. The B5S4 is completely drive by wire (a.k.a Electronic Throttle Control or ETC), which means there is no direct connection between the accelerator pedal and the throttle valve. All the accelerator pedal does is tell the ECU how much the driver wishes to "accelerate". Based on that input, the ECU calculates a "target torque" that the user seems to be requesting. This, in turn generates a "target load", which, if large enough, will put the ECU in open loop operation or wide open throttle (WOT), or, to put it another way "give me all you got Scotty."

Once the ECU decides the requested torque is greater or equal to what the ECU thinks the engine can deliver at WOT from the current calculated load, its fueling control system goes open loop. In the ME7.1 asynchronous path, this means that all fueling decisions are going to be made almost soley based on mass air flow sensor readings. Those MAF readings also go into the boost map as a "calculated load" and, along with RPM, determine specified load, and hence requested boost. In the ME7.1 synchronous path, the timing maps determine the timing at every cycle of every cylinder, and should the knock sensor for a given cylinder reach a certain threshold, the timing will be cut down for the next cycle for that cylinder. If the knock sensor activity subsides, the timing will be restored, one step at a time, until another knock event occurs on that cylinder.

Primary and secondary fuel tweak
To simplify things, from here on out will we assume the injector on time is ONLY a function of MAF readings. At its simplest, the fueling vs MAF value curve is a straight line with two terms. For those of you who know geometry and algebra, call it $$y=a*x+b$$, where x is the MAF, y is the injector on time, a is the "multiplicative" term and b is the "additive" term. There are additional terms based on the slope of the MAF, but that will wait for later.

To "enrich" the fueling across the board by a fixed percentage, one would increase the a (multiplicative) term, so the fueling is increased proportionally for every MAF value.

For example adding 10% to 10 yields 11, for an increase of 1, but adding 10% to 100 yields 110, for an increase of 10.

The "additive" value b does not have as much an effect near the top of the curve, because it is additive. In other words, adding a small amount everywhere means that the percentage increase of fueling for "high" MAF values is much lower than the percentage increase for "low" MAF values.

For example, adding 1 to 10 (to 11) is a 10% increase, whereas adding 1 to 100 (to 101) is only a 1% increase!

What does this mean for lemmiwinks? It means that the primary (multiplicative) fuel tweak (channel 10) increases fuel across the board, whereas the secondary (additive) fuel tweak (channel 08) has almost no effect on fueling for high MAF readings!

You can see what the ECU's own base additive and multiplicative "tweaks" are by examining the long term (LTFT) and short term fuel trims (STFT) with VAGCOM (blocks 32 and 33) or ECUx. However, the ECU will only adjust these based on O2 sensor readings, and thus, only during closed loop operation.

Fuel tweak increasing loads and fuel tweak decreasing loads
Now, lets talk about those other terms - channels 02 and 03: Increasing and decreasing loads. Basically, those terms "tweak" the basic y=a*x+b by multiplying the overall result by a term that is dependant on the slope (or derivative dx/dt where x is MAF reading and t is time) of the MAF. That means the faster the MAF is increasing (or decreasing) the more this term affects the fueling. So the faster the MAF value is going up, the more the "increasing load" term will adjust fueling. Similarly, the faster the MAF value is dropping, the more the "decreasing load" term will change fueling.

EGT effects on fueling
EGT can effect the overall fueling and timing. If EGTs are over approximately 980&deg;C (1800&deg;F) the ECU will add fueling (and possibly pull timing?) to bring the EGT temperatures down. It does this by adjusting the base maps, not by tweaking load or correction factor (spark retard), so its effects are difficult to measure with VAGCOM or ECUx. Since it accomplishes this by tweaking the base maps, the correction factor will not reflect this adjustment. Note that the functional range of the EGT sensor is 950&deg;C to 1025&deg;C (S4 2.7t Self Study Programme, page 47).

Obviously, care must be taken when tuning the car under high EGT conditions, as the behavior of the ECU is radically different under "normal" conditions. A good rule of thumb is to try to get as much tuning as possible done under cool conditions and to make sure the intercoolers are not heatsoaked. Having an accurate picture of fueling and timing is critical to getting good results. Tuning your car under "artificially" enriched or pulled timing conditions simply means you run the risk of running lean or having too much timing under "good" conditions. The ECU will compensate using the knock sensor function, but it is better to get your car in the correct ball park for "normal" conditions.

Tuning with Lemmiwinks
More to come here. For now, check out Edy Jun's excellent Lemmiwinks Tuning Notes

How lemmiwinks works
According to Revo (the makers of Lemmiwinks):

Directly transferring the new adaptation channel values into the ECU works by finding the RAM memory location where the ECU stores the adaptation channel data and directly writing the changes to those RAM memory locations. When the ignition key is turned off the ECU enters a housekeeping mode where among other tasks the modified adaptation channel data is written into the serial eeprom. This roundabout method is required because memory writes directly to the serial eeprom are blocked. Interestingly, this method will not work using the VAG mode protocol. Write access is allowed to any ECU RAM location except those locations that store the serial eeprom data. Someone at Bosch clearly knew about this vulnerability and took measures to close this loophole. But for some reason this loophole was left in the KWP2000 routines. Each ECU code stores this adaptation channel data in different RAM locations. To make this method work with any ECU one runs through the following steps: The KWP2000 protocol is not as reliable as the VAG protocol. Some cars will have communications problems which often can be worked around by pulling the instrument cluster fuse (make sure VAG-COM will be able to clear your air bag DTC light before doing this!).
 * 1) Establish communications with the ECU using KWP2000 mode
 * 2) Read data directly from serial eeprom (since read access is allowed)
 * 3) Search for this data in the ECU's RAM
 * 4) Write the new adaptation channel settings to the RAM location
 * 5) Cycle ignition key to have ECU transfer the new settings into the serial eeprom.